Esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer occurs in the esophagus, the tube running from your throat to your stomach. The esophagus helps move food and liquids from your mouth to your stomach for digestion. Esophageal cancer usually starts in the cells lining the esophagus and can develop at any point along its length. Early detection and treatment are critical, as the cancer can spread to other parts of the body if not treated promptly.

At Penn Medicine, our specialists have extensive experience treating even the most advanced and complex cases of esophageal cancer. We provide comprehensive services, including diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing support, throughout the greater Philadelphia, Lancaster, and Princeton regions. Our gastrointestinal (GI) cancer specialists work together to address the effects of esophageal cancer on your health and quality of life while delivering compassionate care that prioritizes your well-being.

Types of esophageal cancer

There are two main types of esophageal cancer:

• Adenocarcinoma: The most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States, it begins in the glandular cells located in the lower esophagus near the stomach. It’s frequently linked to Barrett’s esophagus, a condition resulting from long-term acid reflux. 
• Squamous cell carcinoma: Originating in the flat cells that line the esophagus, it’s typically found in the upper and middle sections of the esophagus. While less common in the United States, it’s more prevalent worldwide.

A rare form of esophageal cancer, small cell carcinoma, develops from neuroendocrine cells and requires a different treatment approach compared to adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Esophageal cancer symptoms

Having trouble swallowing, called dysphagia, is one of the most common symptoms of esophageal cancer. The sensation may feel like getting food stuck in your throat. Sometimes, it can even feel like you’re choking. Other signs of esophageal cancer may include:

• Changes to your voice, which may sound hoarse or like you’re losing your voice 
• A cough that lasts longer than two weeks 
• Heartburn that slowly gets worse and doesn’t go away 
• Unexplained weight loss 
• A sore throat or back pain, especially behind your chest or between your shoulder blades 
• Pain when you swallow 
• Coughing or vomiting up blood

What causes esophageal cancer?

There isn’t a known cause of esophageal cancer, but researchers think that chronic irritation of your esophagus, by factors like smoking and being overweight, may put you more at risk. Barrett’s esophagus, which causes red, inflamed esophageal tissue due to long-term acid reflux, may also increase your chances of developing the disease. For a small percentage of people, genes may play a role.

Esophageal cancer diagnosis at Penn Medicine

Our specialists regularly see the most complex cases of difficult-to-identify cancers. We diagnose esophageal cancer using the latest advances in cancer detection.

Esophageal cancer treatment at Penn Medicine

At Penn Medicine, we use customized treatment plans and sophisticated surgeries to treat all types of esophageal cancers. Our specialists work with you to develop a treatment plan to give you the best possible result. It may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatments.

Penn Medicine: Coordinated, expert care for esophageal cancer

At Penn Medicine, we have a multidisciplinary tumor board focused exclusively on esophageal and stomach cancers. Our fellowship-trained doctors, each with specialized expertise, regularly meet to discuss every case in detail. This close collaboration allows us to customize your care and quickly adjust to any changes. In addition, when you partner with us, you can expect:

• Extensive support: Our nurse navigators coordinate your appointments and help you understand what to expect and how to prepare. A dedicated nutritionist follows you through your treatment, and our social workers check in often to offer support and resources. 
• Compassionate care, close to home: We provide access to leading esophageal cancer specialists across the southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey regions, making it easier for you to receive top-notch treatment close to home. Our goal is to ensure you get the expert care you need without the hassle of long-distance travel. 
• Second opinions from experts: If you’ve been diagnosed with esophageal cancer, our team is available for a second opinion consultation. One of our specialists will review your records and meet with you one-on-one to answer your questions and offer our advice on the best next steps in your care.