Oropharyngeal cancer risk factors
The leading risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer is human papillomavirus. Additional risk factors include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and a few less common contributors.
Human papillomavirus (HPV), especially the HPV-16 strain, is a major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. When the virus infects cells in the throat, it can trigger genetic changes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and, eventually, cancer. HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers are commonly found in the tonsils and base of the tongue. These cancers are often found in younger individuals and are linked to certain types of sexual activity that spread the virus.
Smoking or using other forms of tobacco is a major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer due to the harmful chemicals it contains, which damage the cells in the throat and mouth. Carcinogens in tobacco can cause DNA damage, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer. Smoking or chewing tobacco also causes chronic irritation and inflammation in the oropharynx, increasing cancer risk.
Regular, excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk for oropharyngeal cancer because alcohol can irritate and damage the cells lining the throat, making them more susceptible to cancerous changes. Over time, chronic alcohol consumption can lead to inflammation and reduce the body’s ability to repair cell damage. Additionally, alcohol enhances the absorption of carcinogens from tobacco, which increases the cancer risk for individuals who use both substances.
Less common risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer include:
- Age: The risk of oropharyngeal cancer increases with age, typically affecting people over 55, though HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer is commonly diagnosed before age 50.
- Gender: People assigned male at birth are more likely to develop oropharyngeal cancer, though the reason for this is unclear.
- Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables has been linked to a higher risk of oropharyngeal cancer.
- Ultraviolet (UV) light: The sun and other UV light sources can lead to cancers of the lip, which can spread to other areas, including the back of the tongue, tonsils, and soft palate.
- Poor oral hygiene: Lack of regular dental care or poor oral hygiene may also raise the risk.