Vulvar cancer is a rare and slow-growing cancer that forms in the tissues of the vulva. The vulva includes the inner and outer labia, clitoris, vaginal opening, vaginal glands, mons pubis (skin covering the pubic bones) and perineum. Vulvar cancer can develop in any part of the vulva, but it is most frequently found in the outer labia. While it can occur at any age, it is most common after menopause, and the average age of diagnosis is 65.

At Penn Medicine, our gynecologic cancer specialists prioritize accurate and swift diagnosis of vulvar cancer to provide the best treatment options. Our experienced team includes experts in surgery, radiology, pathology, and radiation oncology, who collaborate to create individualized treatment plans for each patient with vulvar cancer.

Vulvar cancer is categorized by the type of cells it begins in. There are three types of vulvar cancer:

• Squamous cell carcinomas make up most vulvar cancers and typically form at the edges of the labia majora, labia minora, or vagina.
• Melanomas represent five to 10 percent of all vulvar cancer cases. Melanoma is the second most common type of vulvar cancer. About half of these cases develop in the labia majora.
• Adenocarcinomas are rare and tend to develop from glands such as the Bartholin’s glands near the vaginal opening.

Vulvar cancer often starts as a precancerous lesion (ulcer or sore), which may cause itching, pain, or bleeding, even if it’s not visible. The most common physical sign of vulvar cancer is the appearance of a lesion on any part of the vulva. Vulvar cancer symptoms can also be associated with non-cancerous conditions, so it’s important to consult a gynecologist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Other symptoms of vulvar cancer include:

• Persistent itching
• Bleeding
• Pain
• Skin changes, such as thickening or color changes
• Painful urination

The exact cause of vulvar cancer is unknown. However, high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause vulvar cancer, as well as cervical, vaginal, anal, and throat cancers. At Penn Medicine, patients treated for one HPV-related cancer are monitored for others. The HPV vaccine protects against high-risk strains of the virus. You can talk to your doctor to see if the vaccine is right for you.

Vulvar cancer can be difficult to diagnose because some of the early symptoms may resemble the symptoms of other conditions. Penn Medicine uses advanced tests and tools to accurately detect and diagnose vulvar cancer. If vulvar cancer is suspected, our expert gynecologic oncologists will review your health history and conduct thorough exams for a timely diagnosis and an effective treatment plan.

We provide a variety of specialized treatment options for patients living with vulvar cancer. Our experienced gynecologic oncologists are trained in surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and more, and collaborate with other Penn Medicine specialists to ensure integrated, comprehensive care.

Penn Medicine is a leader in cancer care and research, offering advanced treatments and clinical trials with a patient-centered approach. Our care teams put you and your concerns first, providing care that addresses both your physical and emotional wellbeing to ensure the best outcomes possible. When you choose Penn Medicine for your vulvar cancer care, you’ll benefit from:

• Experienced specialists who’ve treated numerous patients in a high-volume cancer center.
• Top oncologists and surgeons who work together on treatment plans if the cancer affects other areas such as urinary or bowel functions.
• Fertility and maternal fetal medicine experts who can advise patients concerned about fertility or pregnancy following a vulvar cancer diagnosis.
• Researchers at the forefront of investigating HPV-related cancers, developing innovative diagnostic and treatment methods