Oral (mouth) cancer

Oral cancer, also referred to as mouth cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the mouth or throat. It can occur on the lips, tongue, roof, or floor of the mouth, inner cheek, gums, jaw, and hard palate. Oral cancer typically begins as a sore or lump that doesn’t heal and can be caused by factors like tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Early detection is important for better treatment outcomes.  

Penn Medicine’s head and neck cancer care specialists are highly skilled in modern surgical techniques for mouth cancer, bringing extensive experience in treating even the most complex cases. Our multidisciplinary team—including radiation oncologists, surgeons, endocrinologists, oral medicine physicians, and other specialists—works together to develop customized treatment plans tailored to each person’s unique needs.

Mouth cancer symptoms may include:  

• Sores in the mouth that don’t heal after a few weeks  
• Persistent pain or discomfort in the mouth or throat  
• Lumps in the cheek, gums, or other areas inside the mouth  
• White or red patches on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth  
• Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking  
• Unexplained bleeding in the mouth  
• Loose teeth or changes in how dentures fit  
• Numbness in the tongue or other areas of the mouth  
• Ear pain  
• Unplanned weight loss

Oral cancer can be caused by a variety of factors, including:  

• Tobacco: Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, or using chewing tobacco and snuff increases the risk of oral cancer.  
• Heavy alcohol use: Frequent and excessive alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor.  
• Human papillomavirus (HPV): Certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16, are linked to oral cancers, especially in the throat and tonsils.  
• Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables can increase the likelihood of developing oral cancer.   
• Excessive sun exposure: Prolonged sun exposure increases the risk of lip cancer.  
• Weakened immune system: Individuals with a compromised immune system may have a higher risk.  
• Family history: A genetic predisposition can also play a role. 

There are several types of oral cancer, each beginning in different cells within the mouth. These differences are important because they affect your treatment options.

Finding oral cancer early is crucial because it’s more likely to be cured when it’s small and hasn’t spread. Our head and neck cancer experts provide fast, accurate oral cancer diagnoses to give you the best chance of beating the disease.

Oral cancer can be treated in several ways, with surgery being the primary option for most people. Surgical treatments for oral cancer include techniques to remove growths and reconstruct the jaw, tongue, and other nearby areas.

Preventing oral cancer involves making healthy lifestyle choices and staying proactive about your oral health. Here are some ways to reduce your risk:  

• Avoid tobacco: If you smoke, talk with your provider about our smoking cessation program. It’s designed to offer a supportive and encouraging environment to help you quit.  
• Limit alcohol: Consult with your provider if you need support in adjusting your alcohol habits.  
• Protect yourself from HPV: Getting the HPV vaccine can help reduce your risk.  
• Eat a healthy diet: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help support your immune system and lower your cancer risk.  
• Use sun protection: Protect your lips by using lip balm with sun protection factor (SPF) when spending time outdoors.  
• Practice good oral hygiene: Regular brushing, flossing, and dental checkups can help detect early signs of cancer and other issues.

Choosing Penn Medicine for mouth cancer care means you’ll have access to a team of top specialists, the latest treatments, and individualized care, improving your chances for better outcomes. When you partner with us, you can expect:  

• Multidisciplinary expertise: Our team includes experienced head and neck surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, speech therapists, and oral health experts who work together to create a treatment plan for your specific needs.  
• Advanced treatments: We offer innovative therapies, including minimally invasive surgeries, modern radiation techniques, and access to clinical trials for the latest cancer treatments.  
• Seamless care coordination: You’ll be partnered with an oncology nurse navigator who ensures that all your care providers are coordinated, making the treatment process smoother and more efficient.  
• Cancer support services: We don’t just focus on treating cancer—we also offer nutrition counseling, mental health support, and survivorship programs to help you through your recovery.  
• Expert care, close to home: Our leading oral cancer specialists are available throughout the southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey regions, making it convenient for you to access top-tier treatment. We aim to provide the highest level of care without the added stress of long-distance travel.