Urinary incontinence

What is urinary incontinence?

Urinary incontinence — loss of bladder control — may feel embarrassing and inconvenient, but it doesn’t have to disrupt your daily activities. At Penn Medicine, our specialized team has years of focused experience caring for people with all types of urinary incontinence.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is loss of bladder control that causes problems ranging from small leaks to sudden accidents without warning. Although UI is more common in older people, it’s not a normal part of aging. Rather, it’s usually a symptom of another condition, and treatment can help or even stop UI.

Our highly trained urinary incontinence team provides comprehensive care. We offer the most advanced treatment options for UI that can help you even if other treatments haven’t worked.

Urinary incontinence types and symptoms

UI has several types, each with different causes that require specific treatments. When you come to Penn Medicine, we do a thorough evaluation to determine the exact causes. With an accurate diagnosis, we can recommend the right treatment options for you.

The types of UI include:

  • Stress incontinence: urine leaks when movements, such as laughing, coughing, sneezing, or exercising, put pressure on your bladder. Stress incontinence is the most common type of UI.
  • Urge incontinence: you feel a strong, sudden urge to urinate, then the bladder squeezes and you urinate. Sometimes, you don’t have time to get to the toilet before urinating. You may feel the urge often, at night or when you hear running water. Urge incontinence is sometimes called overactive bladder (OAB).
  • Mixed incontinence: some people have both stress and urge incontinence.
  • Overflow incontinence: your bladder might not empty when you urinate, causing the bladder to become too full. Overflow UI can cause frequent or constant dribbling (urine leakage).
  • Functional incontinence: physical or mental limitations can prevent you from getting to the toilet or removing clothing in time.

Causes of urinary incontinence

UI is often a symptom of another health condition, or it can result from certain lifestyle factors. UI can be temporary or long-term (chronic), and causes include:

How is urinary incontinence diagnosed?

It can feel awkward to talk about urinary incontinence — we understand, and we’re here to help. In a private, comfortable setting, we do a detailed evaluation to find the underlying causes of your symptoms.

We begin by asking you about your medical history and symptoms. We then do a physical exam with an internal pelvic exam to check your pelvic organs. We may ask you to keep a bladder diary for a few days to track urine leaks and other details that can help us determine the causes.

We can often diagnose the type and causes of UI with our thorough evaluation. If we need more information to confirm a diagnosis, you may need one or more tests, such as:

  • Bladder stress test: if you experience urine leaks with certain movements, such as coughing or running, we ask you to do some of those activities. This test can provide more details about the loss of urine.
  • Cystoscopy: we examine your urethra and bladder using a thin, tube-shaped scope with a tiny camera inserted through the urethra. Cystoscopy can show bladder inflammation, stones, or tumors.
  • Pelvic ultrasound: this imaging test uses sound waves to create pictures of internal organs. We use ultrasound to check the bladder, urethra, and other pelvic organs for anything unusual that may be causing UI.
  • Urine test: we take a sample of your urine to test for blood, signs of infection, kidney problems, or other causes of UI.
  • Urodynamic testing: these tests check bladder capacity, urine flow, pressure inside the bladder, and other functions.

Urinary incontinence treatment at Penn Medicine

Your treatment options depend on the type of UI, what’s causing it, and how severe it is. That’s why it’s important to get an accurate diagnosis.

Our specialists work closely with you to develop a treatment plan that addresses underlying causes. You may need more than one treatment, and we begin with the least invasive options that improve your symptoms. Your treatment team may include:

  • Urogynecologists: these doctors are specialists in female pelvic medicine, gynecology, and reconstructive surgery. Our urogynecologists have years of experience treating females with all types of incontinence and pelvic floor conditions.
  • Urologists: these doctors specialize in conditions that affect the urinary system (bladder, kidneys) and the male genitals. They provide care for both males and females. Our urologists have completed the highest level of training to ensure you get specialized, expert care.
  • Nurse practitioners: our nurse practitioners work specifically in urinary incontinence care. They provide nonsurgical treatment and support for you throughout your treatment.

Penn Medicine: clinical trials for urinary incontinence treatment

Penn Medicine Urogynecology is one of the few research sites affiliated with the Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (PFDN), a research and clinical care network sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. Our urogynecologists are at the forefront of care through their participation in PFDN and other research.

Through clinical trials, eligible patients have access to promising new diagnostic technologies, non-surgical therapies, and surgical techniques before they’re available to the public.

Related specialties

Schedule an appointment

We can help you schedule an appointment or you can search our directory of specialists.