Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)

Definition

Osteonecrosis is bone death caused by poor blood supply. It is most common in the hip and shoulder, but can affect other large joints such as the knee, elbow, wrist and ankle.

Alternative Names

Avascular necrosis; Bone infarction; Ischemic bone necrosis; AVN; Aseptic necrosis

Causes

Osteonecrosis occurs when part of the bone does not get blood and dies. After a while, the bone can collapse. If osteonecrosis is not treated, the joint deteriorates, leading to severe arthritis.

Osteonecrosis can be caused by disease or by severe trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation, that affects the blood supply to the bone. Osteonecrosis can also occur without trauma or disease. This is called idiopathic -- meaning it occurs without any known cause.

The following are possible causes:

• Using oral or intravenous steroids
• Excessive alcohol use
• Sickle cell disease
• Dislocation or fractures around a joint
• Clotting disorders
• HIV or taking HIV drugs
• Radiation therapy or chemotherapy
• Gaucher disease (disease in which harmful substance build up in the certain organs and the bone)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue such as the bone)
• Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (childhood disease in which the thigh bone in the hip doesn't get enough blood, causing the bone to die)
• Decompression sickness from a lot of deep sea diving

When osteonecrosis occurs in the shoulder joint, it is usually due to long-term treatment with steroids, a history of trauma to the shoulder, or the person has sickle cell disease.

Symptoms

There are no symptoms in the early stages. As bone damage worsens, you may have the following symptoms:

• Pain in the joint that may increase over time and becomes severe if the bone collapses
• Pain that occurs even at rest
• Limited range of motion
• Groin pain, if the hip joint is affected
• Limping, if the condition occurs in the leg
• Difficulty with overhead movement, if the shoulder joint is affected

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will do a physical exam to find out if you have any diseases or conditions that may affect your bones. You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history.

Be sure to let your provider know about any medicines or vitamin supplements you are taking, even over-the-counter medicine.

After the exam, your provider will order one or more of the following tests:

• X-ray
• MRI
• Bone scan
• CT scan

Treatment

If your provider knows the cause of osteonecrosis, part of the treatment will be aimed at the underlying condition. For example, if a blood clotting disorder is the cause, treatment will consist, in part, of clot-dissolving medicine.

If the condition is caught early, you will take pain relievers and limit use of the affected area. This may include using crutches if your hip, knee, or ankle is affected. You may need to do range-of-motion exercises. Nonsurgical treatment can often slow the progression of osteonecrosis, but most people will need surgery.

Surgical options include:

• A bone graft
• A bone graft along with its blood supply (vascularized bone graft)
• Removing part of the inside of the bone (core decompression) to relieve pressure and allow new blood vessels to form
• Cutting the bone and changing its alignment to relieve stress on the bone or joint (osteotomy)
• Total joint replacement

Support Groups

You can find more information and support resources at the following organization:

• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases -- www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteonecrosis
• The Arthritis Foundation -- www.arthritis.org

Outlook (Prognosis)

How well you do depends on the following:

• The cause of the osteonecrosis
• How severe the disease is when diagnosed
• Amount of bone involved
• Your age and overall health

Outcome may vary from complete healing to permanent damage in the affected bone.

Possible Complications

Advanced osteonecrosis can lead to osteoarthritis and permanent decreased mobility. Severe cases may require joint replacement.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if you have symptoms.

Prevention

Many cases of osteonecrosis do not have a known cause, so prevention may not be possible. In some cases, you can reduce your risk by doing the following:

• Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
• When possible, avoid high doses and long-term use of corticosteroids.
• Follow safety measures when diving to avoid decompression sickness.