What is renal artery stenosis?
Renal artery stenosis occurs when the arteries that deliver blood to the kidneys become narrowed or blocked. This restricted blood flow can result in renovascular hypertension (high blood pressure of the blood flow to the kidneys), chronic kidney disease, and even kidney failure if left untreated.
Renal artery stenosis—also referred to as renal artery disease—is treatable when diagnosed early.
Renal artery stenosis symptoms
Renal artery stenosis often has no symptoms until an advanced stage, but it’s sometimes discovered during routine exams or testing for other health issues. Symptoms include:
- Trouble sleeping
- Fatigue
- Difficulty focusing
- Decreased kidney function
- Increased protein in your urine
- Fluid buildup throughout your body, causing swelling
- High blood pressure that suddenly gets worse or is hard to control with medication
In addition, if you develop high blood pressure suddenly, or your existing high blood pressure gets worse without explanation, your provider may do further testing.
What causes renal artery stenosis?
There are two main causes of renal artery stenosis:
- Atherosclerosis: This is the most common cause, where plaque buildup in the arteries narrows or blocks the blood flow. It often occurs as part of broader cardiovascular disease.
- Fibromuscular dysplasia: This is a less common cause, where abnormal growth in the artery walls narrows the arteries. It mainly affects people assigned female at birth.
Diagnosing renal artery stenosis
To diagnose renal artery stenosis, your Penn Medicine care team will review your medical history and order blood and urine tests to measure your kidney function and hormones that regulate your blood pressure. They’ll also do a physical exam that includes listening to your kidneys for a whooshing sound that would indicate that your arteries have narrowed. In addition, imaging tests will be performed.
Can I prevent renal artery stenosis?
You may not be able to prevent renal artery stenosis, but there are steps you can take to lower your risk of getting it.
- Eat a heart-healthy diet. Incorporate plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in your meal planning.
- Limit the amount of salt you eat—aim for less than 1,500 mg per day.
- Exercise at least 30 minutes per day (check with your doctor before starting).
- Limit how much alcohol you drink. Drink in moderation, if at all.
- Quit smoking. Ask your provider about Penn Medicine’s smoking cessation program if you need help.
- Reduce stress using methods like meditation or yoga.
- Stay at a healthy body weight. Talk with your doctor about weight management techniques that may work for you.
- Have regular check-ups with your doctor to monitor your heart health and kidney function.