What is a germ cell tumor?
A germ cell tumor forms from reproductive cells, called germ cells. These tumors primarily affect children and adults between ages 11 and 30. The tumors may be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).
The two main types of germ cell tumors of the brain are called germinomas and nongerminomatous tumors. Tumors with both types of cells are called mixed germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors start and grow mainly in two areas in the center of the brain, the pineal region (where the pineal gland is located) and the suprasellar region (where the pituitary gland is located).
The diagnosis and treatment of germ cell tumors are often complicated and nuanced. Penn Medicine has leading experts who deliver the highest quality care for every type of brain tumor, including germ cell tumors. Our brain tumor specialists draw on extensive experience to diagnose these tumors and create a treatment plan tailored to your needs.
Symptoms of a germ cell tumor
Germ cell tumors in the brain can cause the following symptoms:
- Headache
- Vomiting
- Fatigue
- Feeling irritable
- Double vision and blurry vision
- Trouble looking up or focusing on close objects
- Coordination and balance issues
- Increased fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus)
- Hormonal imbalance, including early or delayed puberty and stunted growth.
Causes of a germ cell tumor
Causes of germ cell tumors are not well known. Certain genetic conditions may predispose you to having a germ cell tumor.
Diagnosis of a germ cell tumor
If a brain tumor is suspected to be of germ cell origin, the work-up will include imaging of the entire central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This is because these tumors can spread through the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. Your doctor may also check for biomarkers in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Sometimes a small amount of tissue is removed from the tumor for a diagnosis.
Specialized expertise in rare brain tumors
Most germ cell tumors are treated with chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Penn Medicine offers targeted, personalized approaches to the treatment of these tumors, as well as the latest in radiation technology.
Sometimes surgery is necessary to obtain a tissue biopsy or to remove some or all of the tumor. Penn neurosurgeons use the latest techniques in neuronavigation, neuroendoscopy, and minimally invasive approaches. Depending on the location of the tumor, the surgical team may include ear, nose, and throat specialists in addition to neurosurgery.