Understanding urethral cancer risks and prevention
Urethral cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder. It can affect any part of the urethra and may spread to nearby tissues or other parts of the body if not treated. Some factors can increase the risk of developing urethral cancer, such as certain conditions or behaviors. Recognizing and understanding these risk factors can be important for managing and reducing your risk of the disease.
Urethral cancer risk factors
Although the exact cause of urethral cancer remains unclear, several factors may increase the risk, including those who:
- Are age 60 or older
- Were assigned male at birth
- Are Black or African descent
- Experience frequent urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted infections
- Have a history of bladder cancer
- Have a history of diseases in the urethra
- Have a history of human papillomavirus (HPV)
It’s important to remember that having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean you’ll develop urethral cancer. However, consulting with your Penn Medicine care team can help you assess your risk.
Is urethral cancer hereditary?
Urethral cancer isn’t commonly known to be hereditary. While most cases of urethral cancer develop without a clear genetic link, having a family history of certain types of cancer, such as bladder cancer or prostate cancer, may slightly increase the risk. However, the overall genetic predisposition for urethral cancer is not well-established compared to other cancers with stronger hereditary links.
If you have concerns about your family history and cancer risk, discuss them with your provider or a genetic counselor who can provide advice and potential screening options.
Can urethral cancer be prevented?
Although complete prevention of urethral cancer may not be possible, you can take proactive steps to lower your risk and enhance your overall health.
Using protection during sexual activity can help reduce the risk of several sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are linked to a higher risk of urethral cancer. STIs such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and certain types of herpes can increase the risk of urethral cancer. Using barrier methods like condoms and reducing the number of sexual partners can lower the risk of these infections and, consequently, may help prevent urethral cancer. However, safe sex practices alone don’t eliminate the risk entirely, as other factors and causes can contribute to the development of urethral cancer.
For those assigned female at birth, good hygiene practices are essential. To help prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs), remember to wipe from front to back after using the restroom. During menstruation, change pads, tampons, or other period products regularly. Additionally, washing the area around the vagina and rectum with clean water and a mild, unscented soap helps maintain cleanliness and overall hygiene.
Living a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, supports your overall well-being and may help lower cancer risk. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can also aid in flushing out harmful substances from your urinary system, potentially reducing cancer risk.
Smoking is a significant risk factor for various cancers, including urethral cancer. Quitting smoking or avoiding tobacco products can significantly decrease your risk. For support in quitting, talk to your doctor about the Penn Medicine Comprehensive Smoking Treatment Program.
Effectively managing chronic conditions like urinary infections or inflammation can lower your risk of urethral cancer. Regular check-ups and screenings with your health-care provider are also important, particularly if you have risk factors, as they can help detect potential issues early.
Rated “exceptional” by The National Cancer Institute
Penn Medicine’s Abramson Cancer Center is a world leader in cancer research, patient care, and education. Our status as a national leader in cancer care is reflected in our continuous designation as a Comprehensive Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) since 1973, one of 7 such centers in the United States. The ACC is also a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, one of a select few cancer centers in the U.S., that are working to promote equitable access to high-quality, advanced cancer care.