Osteopenia

Osteopenia is a condition where your bones have low bone density. They’re not as strong as they should be, but they’re not as fragile as in osteoporosis. This means you’re at higher risk for bone loss and fractures over time. Understanding osteopenia vs. osteoporosis is important: Osteopenia is an early warning sign, while osteoporosis is more severe. 

At Penn Medicine, osteopenia care focuses on careful monitoring and prevention. Because it can signal a higher risk of developing osteoporosis, our specialists work to uncover underlying causes of bone loss, evaluate your fracture risk, and recommend steps to maintain or improve bone strength before more serious problems occur. 

Most of the time, there are no obvious osteopenia symptoms. You may feel healthy and have no warning signs. Because bone density loss happens slowly, the first sign might be a broken bone after a minor fall or injury. Testing and early detection are important if you’re at a higher risk of osteopenia.

Some people are at higher risk for osteopenia because of age, family history, lifestyle, or certain health conditions. Osteopenia can develop for many reasons, such as: 

• Normal aging, especially after menopause 
• Family history of osteoporosis or fractures 
• Low calcium or vitamin D intake 
• Sedentary lifestyle or lack of weight-bearing exercise 
• Smoking or heavy alcohol use 
• Medical conditions like thyroid disease, diabetes, or autoimmune disorders that can disrupt bone metabolism and reduce bone mineral density 
• Long-term use of medications such as steroids

Common treatments for osteopenia aim to stop it from turning into osteoporosis and to lower the chance of broken bones. The main steps include doing weight-bearing or strength exercises, getting enough calcium and vitamin D through food or supplements, limiting alcohol, and not smoking. Doctors may also prescribe medications to help protect bone strength. These can include bisphosphonates, hormone-based treatments, and newer drugs called monoclonal antibodies. 

You can’t always prevent osteopenia, but you can help lower your risk of bone loss by: 

• Eating foods rich in calcium and vitamin D 
• Staying active with regular, weight-bearing exercise 
• Avoiding smoking and heavy alcohol 
• Getting regular bone scans if you’re at higher risk

While osteopenia doesn’t always lead to fractures, it can raise the risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. That’s why careful monitoring and early treatment are key. At Penn Medicine, experts in radiology, rheumatology, endocrinology, and orthopaedics collaborate to evaluate bone density, uncover underlying causes of bone loss, and tailor care to each person’s needs. 

The Penn Bone Center provides specialized care when bone health is affected by hormonal or metabolic factors. Endocrinologists at the center use advanced tools to measure bone strength, estimate future fracture risk, and recommend steps to maintain or improve bone density. 

Our researchers are also studying the biology of bone health and the influence of nutrition, hormones, and vitamin D on bone strength. This work is aimed at finding ways to slow bone loss, prevent osteoporosis, and keep bones strong for the long term. By combining research discoveries with expert clinical care, we’re helping people with osteopenia protect their bone health before more serious problems develop.