What is myofascial pain syndrome?
Most people experience muscle pain occasionally, but myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) causes persistent or long-lasting pain. This condition involves areas called trigger points, which are typically found in tight muscles or the connective tissue (fascia). MPS can affect people of all ages and is sometimes confused with fibromyalgia.
MPS can be treated by a variety of care providers, including physiatrists, rheumatologists, orthopaedists, physical therapists, pain management experts, and oral and maxillofacial specialists (for orofacial pain). Penn Medicine is a leading pain management center in the southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey regions, offering comprehensive care for people with complex pain conditions like MPS.
Symptoms of myofascial pain syndrome
MPS symptoms differ for each person. Myofascial trigger points—tender spots in muscles or connective tissue that hurt when pressed—are common. These knots or small bumps may cause pain in the same area or elsewhere.
Other common signs include:
- Aching, throbbing, or tight muscle pain
- Tender knots in muscles
- Muscle soreness or weakness
- Reduced range of motion in affected areas
- Trouble sleeping due to pain
What causes myofascial pain syndrome?
Experts don’t know exactly what causes myofascial pain syndrome. It may start after strain or injury to the muscles, ligaments, or tendons. Performing movements or exercises with incorrect form, posture, or alignment may cause tight areas in the muscle fibers to form MPS trigger points.
Factors that may contribute to MPS include:
- Muscle overuse or repetitive motions
- Poor posture
- Muscle injuries
- Stress-related muscle tension
- Limited physical activity or extended bed rest
- Pinched nerves
- Vitamin deficiencies
- Hormonal imbalances
- Exposure to cold environments
Diagnosing myofascial pain syndrome
MPS is often misdiagnosed because it doesn’t cause visible signs like redness or swelling. It also can’t be detected through lab tests, imaging, or electromyography.
The most effective way to diagnose MPS is with a physical muscle exam. Your care provider will gently press on your muscles to identify painful spots or myofascial trigger points. They may also recommend imaging or lab tests to rule out other causes of muscle pain, such as injuries or medical conditions
Myofascial pain syndrome treatments
Treatment for MPS varies based on the severity of your symptoms. Your care provider may recommend medications such as pain relievers, muscle relaxers, steroids, or anti-inflammatory drugs. They may also prescribe strengthening and stretching exercises along with dietary changes to reduce inflammation.
Physical therapy, massage therapy, osteopathic manipulation, acupuncture, Botox injections, nerve stimulation, and cognitive behavior therapy can also be helpful. The most effective treatments focus on addressing trigger points, which may involve injections to reduce inflammation.