Memory loss

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What is memory loss?

Memory loss is more than just typical forgetfulness. It happens when the brain has trouble forming, storing, or recalling memories. This can show up as short-term memory loss, where you forget what just happened, or you might struggle to recall past events. The memory loss can be temporary, or it can develop slowly over time. Not all forgetfulness is a sign of a serious problem, but it’s important to seek care if memory loss begins to interfere with daily life.

At Penn Medicine, our neurology team specializes in caring for people with memory and cognitive disorders. Our providers focus on finding the cause of memory changes and helping you stay as independent as possible. Specialists across the health system work closely with researchers at the Penn Memory Center, bringing together clinical care and scientific innovation to offer advanced evaluation and access to the latest therapies.

When to be worried about memory loss

Everyone forgets things now and then, especially with stress, poor sleep, or normal aging. True memory loss is more than just slowed recall. If you can’t remember something even when given a hint or enough time, it may be a sign of another medical issue, including memory loss diseases like dementia.

What causes memory loss?

The brain is a complex organ, and many different issues can disrupt how it handles memories. When memory loss is significant, it’s usually linked to another condition.

How is memory loss diagnosed?

Your provider will review your medical history, perform a physical and neurological exam, and ask questions about how your memory changes began and how they affect daily life. Family members or close friends may also be asked to share observations, since they often notice changes first. Because no single test can diagnose memory loss, your provider may use a combination of diagnostic procedures based on your symptoms.

Cerebral angiography
Cerebral angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the brain.
EEG
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test to measure the electrical activity of the brain.
PET scan
A PET scan helps us diagnose diseases and plan treatment as early as possible.
Lumbar puncture
This test collects and analyzes cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose certain health conditions.
CT scan
A CT scan helps diagnose traumatic injuries, cancer, vascular diseases, and many other conditions.
MRI
An MRI provides high-resolution images of the brain, spine, and many other structures in the body.

How memory loss is treated and managed

While there isn’t a direct treatment for memory loss, there are options for finding and managing the underlying cause. Some conditions are treatable or reversible, while others may be progressive. Your care team will work with you to create a plan that fits your needs.

Treatment and management options may include:

  • Medications to treat underlying conditions or manage symptoms
  • Cognitive therapy or memory training
  • Physical activity to support brain health
  • Mental stimulation like reading, puzzles, or learning new skills
  • Social engagement to reduce isolation and stress
  • Sleep support and treatment of sleep disorders 
  • Nutrition guidance and management of chronic health conditions

Related specialties

Memory and cognitive disorders care
We provide expert treatment, care, and support for memory disorders like dementia and Alzheimer’s.
Geriatric medicine
Our geriatric specialists focus on early diagnosis and effective treatment of conditions related to aging.
Neurology
As the leading neurology provider in the region, our neurologists offer expert care using advanced treatments.

Schedule an appointment

We can help you schedule an appointment or you can search our directory of specialists.
Find a doctorCall 800-789-7366