Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, impacting movement, muscle control, posture, and coordination. CP may also shape learning, speech, vision, hearing, and thinking functions. Usually diagnosed in early childhood, CP is lifelong but not progressive, meaning it does not worsen over time. 

At Penn Medicine, people with CP receive comprehensive, coordinated care from a multidisciplinary team of specialists in neurology, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. We offer advanced diagnostic tools, long-term management, and access to rehabilitation services designed to support mobility, communication, and independence. Our team partners closely with patients and families to address changing needs over time and provide expert care at every stage of life.

Cerebral palsy is often detected in babies when developmental milestones, such as rolling over, sitting, or walking, are delayed. For those with milder symptoms, the signs of CP may not be clear until a child is a bit older. CP may affect one side of the body more than the other, and symptoms may be more noticeable in the arms or legs, or in all the limbs. Common symptoms include muscle stiffness or tightness, abnormal walking patterns, poor coordination, tremors, or floppy muscles. Some people experience speech difficulties, learning challenges, seizures, or vision or hearing problems.

Cerebral palsy is related to injury or abnormal development of the brain while it is still growing. This most often happens before birth, but it can also occur during delivery or within the first two years of life.

Factors that may increase risk include premature birth, lack of oxygen to the brain, brain infections, bleeding in the brain, head injury, untreated jaundice, or infections during pregnancy. In most cases, CP is not genetic (inherited), and a specific cause is not always identified.

There is no cure for CP, so treatment focuses on improving function, comfort, and independence. Care is personalized and often involves a team approach. Physical therapy plays a key role in improving strength, flexibility, balance, and mobility. Occupational therapy helps with daily activities such as dressing, eating, and writing, while speech therapy supports communication and swallowing.

CP management may also include medication for muscle tightness or seizures and supportive aids like a wheelchair, walker, or braces to help with mobility. Occasionally, surgery is recommended. Ongoing care helps reduce complications and support quality of life.