Glossary of Terms
A B C
D E F
G H I
J K L M
N O P
Q R S
T U V
W X Y Z
A
Adhesions -- Scar tissue occurring in
the abdominal cavity, fallopian tubes, or inside
the uterus. Adhesions may interfere with transport
of the egg and implantation of the embryo in the
uterus.
Antithyroid Antibodies (ATA) -- Antibodies
that interfere with thyroid function, therefore
interfering with normal metabolism. They are also
indicators for a predisposition of the patient
to auto immunity, which may involve additional
autoimmune problems that interfere with the reproductive
process.
Amenorrhea -- The absence of menstruation.
Androgens -- Male sex hormones such as
testosterone.
Andrologist -- A physician-scientist who
performs laboratory evaluations of male fertility.
May hold a Ph.D. degree instead of an M.D. Usually
affiliated with a fertility treatment center working
on in-vitro fertilization.
Anovulation -- The absence of ovulation.
Antisperm Antibodies (ASA) -- Antibodies
are produced by the immune system to fight off
foreign substances, like bacteria. Antisperm antibodies
attach themselves to sperm and inhibit movement
and their ability to fertilize. Either the man
or the woman may produce sperm antibodies.
Artificial Insemination (AI) -- Placing
sperm into the vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes
through artificial means instead of by coitus
-- usually injected through a catheter or cannula
after being washed. This procedure is used for
both donor (DI) and husband's (AIH) sperm. This
technique may be used to treat sexual performance
problems, to circumvent sperm-mucus interaction
problems, to maximize the potential for poor semen,
and for using donor sperm.
Artificial Spermatocoele -- An artificial,
surgically created pouch used to collect sperm
from men with irreversible tubal blockage.
Aspermia -- The absence of sperm and semen.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
– Various procedures used to bring about
conception without sexual intercourse, including
IUI, IVF, GIFT and ZIFT.
Azoospermia -- Absence of sperm in ejaculate.
Obstructive Azoospermia: The result of obstruction
in either the upper or lower male reproductive
tract (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
or ejaculatory ducts). Sperm production may be
normal (this can be verified through testicular
biopsy), but the obstruction prevents the sperm
from being ejaculated. Some causes of obstructive
azoospermia are vasectomy, congenital absence
of vas deferens, scarring from past infections,
and hernia operations. Non-obstructive Azoospermia:
Severely impaired or non-existent sperm production.
Sperm may be found and extracted directly from
the testicles.
B
Basal Body Temperature (BBT) – A
person’s body temperature when taken at
its lowest point, usually in the morning before
getting out of bed. Charting BBT is used to predict
ovulation. BBTs are not very reliable while taking
fertility medications. Reference terms - Biphasic:
A BBT pattern consistent with ovulation and the
formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes
progesterone. This hormone elevates the basal
body temperature about one-half degree during
the latter half of the menstrual cycle. Monophasic:
An anovulatory BBT pattern where the temperature
remains relatively constant throughout the cycle.
Beta HCG Test -- A blood test used to
detect very early pregnancies and to evaluate
embryonic development. A beta test usually refers
to a quantitative hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
in which the units of hCG are counted, but it
sometimes refers to a qualitative (yes/no) test
that reads to an hCG level under 50 (level is
lab dependent).
Biphasic -- Having two phases. Used to
describe BBT charts that show a clear shift from
the follicular phase (before ovulation) to the
luteal phase (after ovulation).
Blighted Ovum -- A pregnancy that stops
developing very early on. The amniotic sac may
only contain fluid and no fetal tissue (empty
sac) when the miscarriage occurs.
C
Capacitation -- A process that sperm undergo
as they travel through the woman's reproductive
tract. This enables the sperm to penetrate the
egg.
Cervical Mucus -- A gelatinous fluid plugging
the opening of the cervix. Most of the time this
thick mucus plug prevents sperm and bacteria from
entering the womb. At mid-cycle, under the influence
of estrogen, the mucus becomes thin, watery and
stringy to allow sperm to pass into the uterus.
Chemical Pregnancy – When hCG levels
are detected in a pregnancy but the pregnancy
is lost. This is a very early miscarriage -- often
before the woman misses a period.
Chromotubation/Chromopertubation –
A test of the fallopian tubes performed by injecting
colored liquid through the fallopian tubes and
watching the ends of the tubes for the dye. Spillage
of dye indicates patent (open) tubes.
Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid, Serophene) --
A fertility drug that stimulates ovulation through
the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary
gland.
Cytoplasmic Transfer -- An extension of
in-vitro fertilization which takes the material
from a mother's egg and combines it with the cytoplasma
of a donor egg. Two methods of cytoplasm transfer
were developed, one that transfers a small amount
of cytoplasm by tiny needle from the donor to
the recipient egg, the other transfers a larger
amount of cytoplasm that is then fused to the
recipient cytoplasm with electricity.
D
Danazol (Danocrine) -- A synthetic androgen
used to treat endometriosis. Suppresses LH and
FSH production by the pituitary and causes a state
of amenorrhea during which the endometrial implants
waste away. Possible side effects are; oily skin,
acne, weight gain, muscle cramps, abnormal hair
growth and a deepening of the voice.
Day 1 -- The first day of a woman's cycle
with menses in full flow (more than simple spotting).
If full flow begins after mid-afternoon, the next
day is considered Day 1.
Days Post-Ovulation (DPO) -- The number
of days a woman is past ovulation. Counting begins
the day after ovulation. Therefore, if ovulation
occurs on Sunday, Wednesday is considered 3 DPO.
Days Post-Transfer (DPT) -- The number
of days a woman is past embryo transfer. Counting
begins the day after transfer. Therefore is transfer
is on Tuesday, Saturday is considered be 4 DPO.
Donor Egg -- Eggs donated by one woman
to another.
E
Ectopic Pregnancy -- A pregnancy occurring
outside of the uterus, often in a fallopian tube.
Such a pregnancy can rarely be sustained, and
frequently leads to decreased or complete loss
of function in the affected tube. Treatment is
usually laparoscopic removal of the embryo or
use of the chemotherapy drug Methotrexate that
attacks fast growing cells and may dissolve the
pregnancy without causing major damage to the
tube.
Egg Donation -- The act of donating eggs
for use in attempting pregnancy through in vitro
fertilization.
Egg Retrieval -- A procedure used to obtain
eggs from ovarian follicles for use in several
assisted reproductive technologies.
Endometrial Biopsy (EB, Ebx, EMB)-- A
test to check for Luteal Phase Defect or Hyperplasia.
A procedure during which a sample of the uterine
lining is collected for microscopic analysis.
The biopsy results will confirm ovulation and
the proper preparation of the endometrium by estrogen
and progesterone stimulation.
Endometriosis – The growth of endometrial
tissue outside the uterus. The tissue may attach
itself to the reproductive organs or to other
organs in the abdominal cavity. Endometrial tissue
increases with the onset of menses. The resultant
irritation causes adhesions in the abdominal cavity
and in the fallopian tubes. Endometriosis can
potenially interfere with ovulation and with the
implantation of the embryo.
F
Falloscopy -- Falloposcopy is the visual
examination of the inside of the fallopian tube.
A tiny bendable catheter is inserted through the
cervical canal and uterine cavity into the fallopian
tube. A fiber optic endoscope is threaded through
the catheter into the fallopian tube. A camera
at the end of the falloscope transfers images
of the inside of the tube to a monitor so the
surgeon can thoroughly visualize and examine the
inside of the tube.
Ferning – The pattern created by
dried cervical mucus when viewed on a slide. When
the fern leaf pattern appears, the mucus has been
thinned and prepared by estrogen for the passage
of sperm. If it does not fern, the mucus will
be hostile to the passage of the sperm.
Fertile Mucus -- Mucus that allows sperm
to thrive and makes its way into the cervical
canal into the uterus and tubes. It has a consistency
similar to egg whites and is both stretchy and
watery.
Fertility Treatment -- Any method or procedure
used to enhance fertility or increase the likelihood
of pregnancy
Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) - A hormone produced and released from
the pituitary that stimulates the ovary to ripen
a follicle for ovulation.
Follicular Phase -- The pre-ovulatory
portion of a woman's cycle during which a follicle
grows and high levels of estrogen cause the lining
of the uterus to proliferate. Usually occupies
12 and 14 days.
Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET) -- A procedure
where frozen embryos are thawed and then placed
into the uterus.
G
Gamete -- A reproductive cell: For men
that cell is sperm for women it is the egg.
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
--- A technique that may be used in lieu of in
vitro fertilization for women with clear and open
tubes. After egg retrieval the eggs are mixed
with sperm and then immediately injected past
the fimbria into the woman's fallopian tubes for
in vivo fertilization. Procedure is done through
laparoscopy.
Genetic Counselor – A genetic expert
who offers advice on the detection, consequences
and the potential for the recurrence of chromosomal
and genetic disorders.
Gestation -- The period of fetal development
in the womb (uterus) from implantation to birth.
Gland -- An organ or structure that produces
or secretes essential body fluids or substances,
such as hormones.
GnRH -- See Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone.
Gonads -- The glands that create reproductive
cells and "sex" hormones: the testes,
which make sperm and testosterone and the ovaries,
which make eggs (ova) and estrogen.
Gonorrhea -- A sexually transmitted disease
that may lead to infertility. Caused by the bacteria
Neisseria gonococcus.
Gonadotropins -- Hormones that control
reproductive function: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) and Leutenizing Hormone (LH).
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
-- The hormone which controls the production and
release of gonadotropins. This hormone is secreted
by the hypothalamus , the portion of the brain
just above the pituitary, every ninety minutes
or so enabling the pituitary gland to secrete
LH and FSH, which stimulate the gonads. See gonadotropins
H
Habitual Abortion -- Repeat miscarriages.
hCG/HCG -- See Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.
Heparin – An blood thinner injected
into the patient to prevent blood clots from forming.
Heparin Therapy -- The use of Heparin
to thin blood in women with recurrent pregnancy
loss or presence of an autoimmune problem, such
as antiphospholipid antibodies.
hMG, HMG -- See Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.
Home Pregnancy Test (HPT) -- A test a
woman can use at home to test urine for the presence
of hCG.
Hormone -- A substance produced by an
endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream
to a specific organ.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) –
A hormone released in the early stages of pregnancy
which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone.
Also used via injection to trigger ovulation after
some fertility treatments and used in men to stimulate
testosterone production.
Human Menopausal Gonadotropins (hMG) --
A combination of hormones FSH and LH, which is
extracted from the urine of post-menopausal women.
Used to induce ovulation in several fertility
treatments.
Hyperandrogenism – Andgrogens in
women produced in excess. This is often associated
with polycystic ovary disease (PCO).
Hyperplasia -- A thickening of the endometrium.
It can lead to abnormal, pre-cancerous cells.
Hyperprolactinemia -- A condition in which
the pituitary gland secretes too much prolactin.
Prolactin can suppress LH and FSH production,
reduce male sex drive, and directly suppress ovarian
function.
Hyperstimulation (Ovarian Hyperstimulation
Syndrome, OHSS) -- A potentially life-threatening
side effect of ovulation induction with injectable
fertility medications. A woman's ovaries become
enlarged and produce an overabundance of eggs.
Blood hormone levels rise, fluid may collect in
the lungs or abdominal cavity, and ovarian cyst
may rupture, causing internal bleeding. Bloodclots
sometimes develop. Symptoms include sudden weight
gain and abdominal pain. Cycles stimulated with
these drugs must be carefully monitored with ultrasound
scans. OHSS may be prevented by withholding the
hCG injection when ultrasound monitoring indicates
that too many follicles have matured.
Hyperthyroidism – Occurs when the
thyroid gland produces too many hormones. The
resulting increased metabolism "burns up"
estrogen too rapidly and interferes with ovulation.
Hypoestrogenic -- Having lower than normal
levels of estrogen.
Hypospermatogenesis -- Low sperm production.
Hypothalamus -- A part of the brain, the
hormonal regulation center, located adjacent to
and above the pituitary gland. In both the man
and the woman this tissue secretes GnRH every
ninety minutes or so. The GnRH enables the pituitary
gland to secrete LH and FSH, which stimulate the
gonads.
Hypothyroidism -- A condition in which
the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount
of thyroid hormone. The resulting lowered metabolism
interferes with the normal breakdown of "old"
hormones and causes lethargy. Men will suffer
from a lower sex drive and elevated prolactin
and women will suffer from elevated prolactin
and estrogen, both of which can interfere with
fertility.
Hysterosalpinogram (HSG) -- An x-ray of
the pelvic organs. A radio-opaque dye is injected
through the cervix into the uterus and fallopian
tubes. This test checks for malformations of the
uterus and blockage of the fallopian tubes.
Hysterectomy – Removing the uterus
surgically.
Hysteroscopy (HSC) -- A procedure in which
the doctor checks for uterine abnormalities by
inserting a fiber-optic device. Minor surgical
repairs can be executed during the procedure.
I
IBT – See Immunobead Binding Test.
ICI -- See Intracervical Insemination.
ICSI – See Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm
Injection.
Idiopathic (Unexplained) Infertility --
When no cause for infertility can be found after
substantial testing.
Immature Oocyte Retrieval (IOR) -- A procedure
in which immature eggs are aspirated from the
ovaries and treated in the laboratory with fertility
drugs allowing them to mature. When mature, the
eggs are mixed with sperm and any resulting embryos
are transferred into the uterus.
Immature Sperm (Germinal Cell) –
An immature sperm that is unable to swim. In the
presence of illness or infection such sperm may
appear in the semen in large numbers.
Immunobead Binding Test (IBT) -- Used
to detect antisperm antibodies.
Immunoglobulins – Another term for
antibodies.
Immunosupressive Drug -- A drug that interferes
with the normal immune response.
Implantation (Embryo) -- The embedding
of the embryo into tissue so it can establish
contact with the mother's blood supply for nourishment.
Implantation usually occurs in the lining of the
uterus 5-10 days after ovulation.
Implantation Failure – The inability
of the fertilized egg to properly implant into
the uterine lining.
Implantation Spotting -- Bleeding associated
with an embryo implanting into the endometrium.
Spotting does not always occur, however and when
it does it is usually evident 5-10 days after
ovulation.
Impotence -- The inability of the man
to achieve or maintain an erection and to ejaculate
due to physical or emotional problems, or a combination
thereof.
Incompetant Cervix -- A weakened cervix
which opens prematurely during pregnancy and can
cause the loss of the fetus. A “cervical
cerclage” is a procedure in which a stitch
or two is put around the cervix to prevent its
opening. The stitch is removed when the pregnancy
is at term.
Infertility -- The inability to conceive
after a year of unprotected intercourse in women
under 35, or after six months in women over 35.
Injectables/Injectable Fertility Medications
-- Medications given by injection. The term
injectables is often used to refer to ovulation
induction medications such urofollitropins (brands
Fertinex and Metrodin), as hMG (brands Pergonal,
Humegon and Repronex) and recombinant FSH follitropins
alpha and beta (brands Follistim and Gonal-F).
Insulin - is a hormone produced by the
pancreas in response to increased glucose levels
in the blood, which then reduces blood glucose.
Insulin Resistant (IR) -- Occurs when
the body produces too much insulin in relation
to glucose.
Intracervical Insemination (ICI) -- Artificial
insemination where the sperm is deposited into
the cervical canal.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
-- A procedure in which a single sperm is injected
into the egg to enable fertilization with very
low sperm counts or with non-motile sperm.
Intramuscular (IM) – They way a
medication is administered. IM medication is given
by needle into the muscle.
Intratubal Insemination (ITI) -- Artificial
insemination where washed sperm is deposited into
the fallopian tubes.
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) -- A relatively
"low-tech" ART which deposits washed
sperm directly into the uterus, bypassing cervical
mucus and depositing the sperm more closely to
the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs.
Used to bypass hostile cervical mucus and to overcome
sperm count and motility problems.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
– The literal term means "in glass."
The process of fertilization outside the body
in a small glass dish.
K
Karyotyping -- A chromosome analysis test.
Cells are examined to look for
abnormalities. Testing an embryo or fetus may
show if there is a chromosomal reason for the
pregnancy loss. Approximately 50% of miscarriages
are caused by chromosomal problems. Parents can
be tested to possibly determine if there is an
underlying chromosomal problem that increases
the chances of repeated losses. Repeat losses
occur in about 3% of couples with recurrent pregnancy
loss.
Klinefelter's Syndrome -- A genetic abnormality
characterized by having one Y (male) and two X
(female) chromosomes or a combination of 46XY
and 47XX. Klinefelters often causes fertility
problems. ART and donor insemination are possible.
The condition can be hereditary.
L
Laparoscope -- A small telescope through
the abdominal wall to view the internal organs.
This instrument is used to perform a laparoscopy
to treat many fertility problems including endometriosis
and polycystic ovaries. Also can be used in egg
retrieval for in vitro fertilization.
Laparoscopy (LAP) -- Examination of the
pelvic organs through use a small telescope called
a laparascope.
Laparotomy -- Organ abnormalities can
potentially be corrected and fertility restored
via a laparotomy. This is a major abdominal surgery
that can be used to repair tubes and remove adhesions.
Leukocytosis --- An increase in the number
of Leukocytes (White Blood Corpusles) often caused
by infection and usually transient.
Leydig Cell -- The testicular cell that
produces the male hormone testosterone.
Low Responder -- A woman who does not
produce many follicle with injectable fertility
medications.
Lupron -- An injectable medication used
to down-regulate the pituitary gland and prevent
the release of substances such as Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH). Without LH or FSH, the ovary will not produce
follicles that will in turn decrease the production
of Estrogen and Progesterone.
Lupus -- See Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
Luteal Phase -- Post-ovulatory phase of
a woman's cycle. During this phase, the corpus
luteum produces progesterone,. This causes the
uterine lining to thicken which supports the implantation
and growth of the embryo.
Luteal Phase Defect (or Deficiency) (LPD)
-- A condition that occurs when the uterine lining
does not develop adequately because of inadequate
progesterone stimulation. LPD also occurs when
the uterine lining does not respond to progesterone
stimulation. LPD may prevent an embryo to implant
or may cause an early miscarriage.
Luteinized Unruptured Follicle Syndrome (LUFS)
-- A condition in which the follicle develops
and changes into the corpus luteum without releasing
the egg. This sometimes goes hand-in-hand with
PCO.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – Gonads
are stimulated by this pituitary hormone. LH is
necessary in men for spermatogenesis and for the
production of testosterone. In women, when estrogen
reaches a critical peak in the menstrual cycle,
the pituitary releases a surge of LH (the LH spike),
which releases the egg from the follicle.
Luteinizing Hormone Surge (LH Surge) --
The spiking release of luteinizing hormone (LH)
that causes the follicle release of a mature egg.
Ovulation test kits detect the sudden increase
of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur
(usually within 24-36 hours).
M
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine (MMR) --
A vaccine recommended for women who have a low
antibody titre to Rubella (German Measles). Rubella
can be extremely damaging or life-threatening
to a fetus.
Meiosis -- The cell division, that occurs
in reproductive cells allowing genetic material
to divide in half. Each new cell will contain
twenty-three chromosomes. The spermatids (immature
sperm) and ova (eggs) each contain twenty-three
chromo-somes. When they combine (fertilize), the
baby will have a normal complement of forty-six.
Metrorrhagia -- Menstrual spotting during
the middle of the cycle.
Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration
(MESA) -- Using microsurgery to remove sperm
from the epididymis for use in in vitro fertilization,
often used with ICSI.
Mitosis -- The division of a cell into
two identical cells in which all forty-six human
chromosomes are duplicated.
Mittleschmerz -- The discomfort felt on
one or both sides of the lower abdomen at the
time of ovulation.
Molar Pregnancy (Trophoblastic Disease) -
a condition in which the placenta develops into
a nonmalignant tumor called a hydatidiform mole.
The layer of cells that line the gestational sac
and normally give rise to the chorionic villi
convert into a mass of clear, tapioca-like vesicles
instead of into a healthy placenta. The fertilized
egg then deteriorates. Usually caused by a chromosomal
abnormality in the fertilized egg. A brownish
discharge is the prime symptom. Treated by a D&C
and sometimes methotrexate.
Morphology -- The shape of sperm as studied
in a semen analysis.
Mosaicism -- Having more than one blood
line. For example, instead of having all 46XX
cells, a mosaic may have a combination of 46XX
and 45X cells. Reference Klinefelter's and Turner's
Syndrome.
Motility – In semen analysis, this
is measurement of motion and forward progression
of sperm.
Mucus -- Secretions from a gland that
can be water, gel-like, stretchy, sticky or dry.
Fertile mucus resembles raw egg whites (watery
and stretchy).
Mycoplasma -- An infectious agent that
structurally falls between a virus and a bacterium.
May be related to pregnancy loss and perhaps infertility
as well.
Myomectomy -- Surgical removal of a uterine
fibroid.
N
Necrospermia -- Condition in which sperm
are produced but are found dead in the semen and
are unable to fertilize eggs.
Non-obstructive Azoospermia -- Severely
impaired or non-existent sperm production.
Non-surgical Sperm Aspiration (NSA) –
While the patient is sedated, a tiny needle is
used to extract sperm directly from the testis.
Performed for those who have blocked ducts or
cannot ejaculate. Used in conjunction with in
vitro fertilization and ICSI.
NSA -- see Non-surgical Sperm Aspiration.
O
Obstructive Azoospermia -- The result
of a blockage in the male reproductive tract.
Sperm production may be normal but the sperm cannot
get out of the epididymis.
Oligomenorrhea -- Infrequent menstrual
periods.
Oligo-ovulation -- Infrequent ovulation,
usually less than six per year.
Oligospermia -- Having few sperm.
OPK/OPT -- See Ovulation Predictor Kit/Test.
Oocyte (Egg) -- The female reproductive
cell.
Ovarian Failure – When an ovary
does not respond to FSH stimulation from the pituitary
Can occur due to damage to or malformation of
the ovary. Diagnosed by elevated FSH in the blood.
Ovarian Cyst -- A sac filled with fluid
inside the ovary. An ovarian cyst may be found
in conjunction with ovulation disorders, tumors
of the ovary and endometriosis.
Ovary -- The female gonad; produces eggs
and female hormones.
Ovulation -- The release of the egg (ovum)
from the ovarian follicle.
Ovulation Induction -- Medical treatment
performed to initiate ovulation.
Ovulation Predictor Kit/Test – An
at-home test kit to aid women in predicting ovulation
based on a surge of luteinizing hormone.
Ovulatory Dysfunction – An abnormal
process in the ovary. Occurs when the developing
the follicle or the egg is not released from the
follicle.
Ovulatory Failure (Anovulation) -- The
failure to ovulate.
Ovum -- The egg in women. The female gamete.
The sex cell that contains the woman's genetic
information.
P
P4 = See Progesterone.
Pap Smear -- Removal of cells from the
surface of the cervix to study microscopically.
Patent -- The state of being open regarding
tubes that form part of the reproductive organs.
An hysterosalpingogram (HSG), for example, is
done to see if the fallopian tubes are patent
(open or closed).
PCO, PCOD, PCOS -- See Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome.
PCT -- See Post Coital Test.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -- An
infection of the pelvic organs that causes severe
illness, high fever, and extreme pain. PID may
lead to tubal blockage and pelvic adhesions.
Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA)
– A test performed on men. A small needle
is passed directly into the head of the epididymis
and fluid is extracted. Used in conjunction with
in vitro fertilization with ICSI.
PESA -- See Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm
Aspiration.
PI – See Primary Infertility.
PID – See Pelvic Inflammatory Disease..
Pituitary Gland -- The gland or “master
gland” stimulated by the hypothalamus. Located
at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus,
this gland controls all many major hormonal functions
throughout the body including the gonads, the
adrenal glands, and the thyroid gland.
POC – See Products of Conception.
POF – See Premature Ovarian Failure.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCO, PCOD, PCOS,
or "Stein-Leventhal Syndrome") –
Occurring in women, this condition is characterized
by the excessive production of androgens (male
sex hormones) and the presence of cysts in the
ovaries. Some symptoms include excessive weight
gain, acne and unusual hair growth although PCO
can occur without symptoms.
Polyspermy -- More than one sperm entering
and fertilizing an egg.
Post Coital Test (PCT) -- A microscopic
examination of the cervical mucus. This test determines
the compatibility between the woman's mucus and
the man's semen. It is performed several hours
after intercourse to and is used to detect sperm-mucus
interaction problems, and the quality of the cervical
mucus.
Preclinical Pregnancy – A pregnancy
that ends before the next period is due. There
are usually no pregnancy symptoms, but a blood
test can reveal small amounts of the pregnancy
hormone HCG. Also referred to as a “chemical
pregnancy.”
Pre-embryo -- A fertilized egg up to 14
days after fertilization.
Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) -- The
cessation of menses associated before age 40.
Associated with high levels of gonadotropins and
low levels of estrogen
Primary and secondary infertility –
Primary infertility is the term used to describe
a couple that has never been able to conceive
a pregnancy, after a minimum of 1 year of attempting
to do so through unprotected intercourse. Secondary
infertility is the term used to describe couples
who have previously been pregnant at least once,
but have not been able to achieve another pregnancy.
Progesterone (P4) -- The hormone produced
by the corpus luteum during the second half of
a woman's cycle. This hormone thickens the lining
of the uterus in preparation to receive the implantation
of a fertilized egg. The amount in the bloodstream
is not constant as it is released intermittently.
Progestin -- A synthetic progesterone
(Provera).
Prolactin -- The hormone that stimulates
the production of milk in breastfeeding women.
Excessive prolactin levels when not breastfeeding
may result in infertility.
Prostate Gland -- A gland encircling the
male urethra that produces a third of the fluid
in semen, including a chemical that liquefies
the coagulated semen twenty minutes to one hour
after entering the vagina.
Prostaglandins -- Hormone-like substances
found in men and women. Prostaglandins may possibly
interfere with the reproductive organs by causing
muscular contractions or spasms.
Provera -- See Progestin.
Q
Qualitative hCG Test -- A pregnancy test
that supplies a yes or no answer. Home pregnancy
tests are qualitative.
Quantitative hCG Test -- A pregnancy test
in which the units of hCG are measured.
R
RE -- See Reproductive Endocrinologist.
Recombinant (Human) Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(R-FSH, R-hFSH) – A follicle genetically
engineered to stimulate hormones as opposed to
FSH extracted from the urine of post-menopausal
women. Brand names are Gonal-F and Follistim.
Reproductive Endocrinologist (RE) -- A
medical specialty combining obstetrics and gynecology
with endocrinology to treat reproductive disorders.
Reproductive Immunologist (RI) -- A medical
specialty combining obstetrics and gynecology
with immunology to treat reproductive disorders
that are related to immune problems.
Reproductive Surgeon -- An ob-gyn or urologist
who specializes in the surgical correction of
anatomical disorders that affect reproductive
function.
R-FSH, R-hFSH -- See Recombinant (Human)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone.
Resistant Ovary -- An ovary that cannot
respond to the follicle-stimulating message sent
by FSH. Primitive germ cells will be present in
the ovary; however, they will not respond to FSH
stimulation.
Retrograde Ejaculation -- A male fertility
problem that allows the sperm to travel into the
bladder instead of out the opening of the penis
due to a failure in the sphincter muscle at the
base of the bladder.
Retroverted Uterus -- Uterus that is tilted
back toward the rectum.
Reversal -- Term used in infertility for
undoing a sterilization procedure such as a tubal
ligation or vasectomy.
Rh Factor -- Genetically determined antigens
present in the red blood cells of most persons
with the capability to induce immunologic reactions.
If a woman is Rh negative and her husband is Rh
positive, she may have Rh incompatibility problems.
After the first pregnancy, the Rh factor enters
the Rh-negative mother's circulatory system during
the delivery (or miscarriage) of a child who has
inherited the Rh factor from his father. The mother's
body then produces antibodies. If she becomes
pregnant with another Rh-positive baby, the antibodies
cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood
cells, causing mild to serious anemia in the baby.
Rhogam (Anti-D) -- an immunization given
to Rh-negative women after a miscarriage, stillbirth,
or live birth to prevent the production of antibodies
in any Rh-positive babies they may have in future
pregnancies.
S
Salpingectomy -- Surgical removal of the
fallopian tube.
Salpingitis -- An inflammation of one
or both fallopian tubes.
Salpingolysis -- Surgery performed to
remove adhesions that restrict the movement and
function of reproductive organs.
Salpingo-oophorectomy -- Surgical removal
of the fallopian tube and ovary.
Salpingostomy -- A surgical incision made
in a fallopian tube, as in to repair a tube or
to remove an ectopic pregnancy.
Secondary Infertility (SI) – Occurs
when a couple cannot achieve a second pregnancy.
Includes couples for whom the pregnancy did not
go to term. The common definition refers to a
couple which has one biological child (or more)
but is unable to conceive another.
Secondary Sex Characteristics -- The physical
qualities that distinguish a man from a woman.
For example, a beard, developed breasts and deep
voice.
Semen (Seminal Fluid) -- The ejaculate
fluid containing sperm and secretion from the
testicles, prostate, and seminal vesicles. The
semen provides nourishment and protection for
the sperm and a medium in which the sperm can
travel to the woman's vagina.
Semen Viscosity -- The liquid flow or
consistency of the semen.
Semen Analysis (SA) -- A laboratory test
used to assess the quality of semen. Assesses
sperm quantity, concentration, morphology (form)
and motility. This test also measures semen (fluid)
volume and whether or not white blood cells are
present.
Seminal Vesicles – A pair of pouch-like
glands at the base of the bladder that produce
much of the semen volume.
Seminiferous Tubules -- The network of
tubes in the testicles in which the sperm are
formed, mature and move toward the epididymis.
Septate Uterus -- A uterus divided into
right and left halves by a wall of tissue (septum).
A septate uterus increases the chance of early
pregnancy loss.
Sertoli (Nurse) Cells -- Testicular cells
responsible for providing nurishment to the spermatids
(immature sperm). Secretes inhibin, a feedback
hormone, which regulates FSH production by the
pituitary gland. When stimulated by FSH, the Sertoli
cell initiates spermatogenesis.
Serophene -- Brand name for clomiphene
citrate. See Clomid.
SHG -- See Sonohysterogram.
Short Luteal Phase -- See Luteal Phase
Defect.
SI -- See Secondary Infertility.
Sonogram (Ultrasound) – A test performed
to view images of internal body parts. High-frequency
sound waves are used to create the images. Physicians
can then detect and count follicle growth (and
disappearance) in many fertility treatments. Also
used to detect and monitor pregnancy.
Sonohystogram -- An ultrasound/sonogram
in which saline is injected into the uterus to
check for abnormalities. Similarity to a hysterosalpingogram
but does not require iodine dye injection or radiation.
SPA -- See Sperm Penetration Assay.
Sperm -- The cell that carries the male's
genetic information to the female's egg. The male
gamete. The male reproductive cell.
Sperm Count -- The number of sperm in
an ejaculate. Also referred to as sperm concentration
or sperm density and given as the number of sperm
per milliliter.
Sperm Maturation -- A process during which
the sperm grow and gain their ability to swim.
Sperm take about ninety days to reach maturity.
Sperm Morphology -- A semen analysis factor
that indicates the number or percentage of sperm
in the sample that appear to have been formed
normally. Abnormal morphology includes sperm with
kinked, doubled, or coiled tails. The higher the
percentage of misshapen sperm, the less likely
fertilization can take place.
Sperm Motility -- The ability of sperm
to swim. When a sperm has poor motility it usually
means it has a difficult time swimming toward
their goal, the goal being the egg.
Sperm Penetration -- The ability of the
sperm to penetrate the egg.
Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA) -- A test
performed to measure the ability of sperm to penetrate
a hamster egg that has been stripped of the Zona
Pellucida (outer membrane).
Sperm Washing -- A laboratory procedure
that separates sperm from semen and separates
motile sperm from non-motile sperm.
Split Ejaculate -- A method used to concentrate
the sperm for insemination. The semen is separated
into two portions, those being the first portion
of the ejaculate, which is rich in sperm, and
the second portion, containing mostly seminal
fluid.
Spontaneous Miscarriage/Spontaneous Abortion
-- An unplanned and sudden end to a pregnancy
during the first 20 weeks.
Stein-Leventhal Disease: -- Another name
for Polycystic Ovaries.
Superovulation -- Using fertility medications
to stimulate the growth of multiple follicles
for ovulation.
T
T4 – See Thyroxine..
TeBG -- See Testosterone-estradiol-binding
Globulin.
Teratogen -- Any substance capable of
causing malformations in a developing embryo.
TESA -- See Testicular Sperm Aspiration.
TESE -- See Testicular Sperm Extraction.
Testes -- The two male sexual glands in
the scrotum. They produce the male hormone testosterone
and the male reproductive cells (sperm).
Testicle -- The male gonad. Produces sperm
and male sex hormones.
Testicular Biopsy -- A minor surgical
procedure to examine testicular tissue. This test
is used to diagnose male fertility problems when
no other means is available (this is because the
biopsy procedure itself may cause testicular damage).
Testicular Enzyme Defect -- A congenital
enzyme defect that prevents the testes from responding
to hormonal stimulation. Result in oligospermia
or azozoospermia.
Testicular Failure – In its primary
form, a congenital, developmental or genetic error
that prevents sperm production. In its secondary
form the damage occurred to the testes by other
influences for example, drugs, prolonged exposure
to toxic substances, or a varicocoele.
Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA) –
Obtaining small amounts of sperm through a needle
biopsy. A small incision is made in the scrotal
skin and a spring loaded needle is fired through
the testicle.
Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) --
An open biopsy where a small piece of testicular
tissue is removed through a skin incision. The
tissue is separated into small pieces. Sperm are
then extracted from the surrounding testicular
tissue. This procedure can be performed by using
local anesthetics. Sperm can be frozen for future
use.
Testosterone -- The male hormone responsible
for the formation of secondary sex characteristics
and for supporting the sex drive.
Thyroid Gland -- The endocrine gland in
the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones
to regulate the body's metabolism.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -- Also
referred to as thyrotropin. A hormone produced
by the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain)
that promotes the growth of the thyroid gland
(in the neck) and stimulates it.
Thyroxine (T4) -- A chemical substance
produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine (T4)
is one of the most important thyroid hormones.
Thyroid hormones are essential for the function
of every cell in the body. They help regulate
growth and the rate of chemical reactions (metabolism)
in the body.
Tipped Uterus -- When the uterus is tipped
toward a woman's back instead of tilting forward
as is more common. This alone should not be considered
a cause of infertility.
TORCH Organisms -- Toxoplasmosis, syphillis,
rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and
other diseases which may harm the embryo/fetus.
Transvaginal --- Through the vagina or
across its wall as in a surgical procedure.
Transvaginal Ultrasound -- An ultrasound
examination performed by means of inserting a
probe into the vagina. Common procedure for viewing
follicle growth.
TRH -- See Thyroid-releasing Hormone.
Triphasic -- Having three phases. Used
to describe a basal body temperature chart that
shows three levels of temperatures: low temperatures
before ovulation, an increase of at least .4 degrees
Fahrenheit after ovulation, and then another increase
that may coincide with the implantation of an
embryo.
TSH -- See Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
Tubal Embryo Transfer (TET) -- The placement
of an embryo inside the fallopian tube after in
vitro fertilization. The process is meant to mimic
the natural process of a fertilized embryo traveling
down the tube and implanting in the uterus.
Tubal Patency -- Open and unobstructed
fallopian tubes.
Tubal Pregnancy -- See ectopic pregnancy.
Tuboplasty -- Plastic or reconstructive
surgery on the fallopian tubes in order to correct
abnormalities which may lead to blockage or otherwise
cause infertility.
Tubotubal Anastomosis -- Surgery performed
to remove a diseased portion of the fallopian
tube and reconnect the two ends. Can be used in
sterilization reversal.
Turner's Syndrome -- The most common genetic
defect contributing to female fertility problems.
The ovaries fail to form and appear as slender
threads of atrophic ovarian tissue. Karyotyping
will reveal that this woman has only one female
(X) chromosome instead of two.
U
Ultrasound -- See sonogram.
Unexplained infertility --- Unexplained
infertility is a diagnosis of exclusion, once
a couple have both been evaluated. The reasons
for infertility are unable to be determined. Approximately
10 to 15 percent of infertile couples will receive
the diagnosis of unexplained infertility.
Urethra -- The tube that allows urine
to pass between the bladder and the outside of
the body. In the man the urethra also carries
semen from the area of the prostate to the outside.
Urogynecology – the study of urologic
disorders.
Urologist -- A physician specializing
in the urinary tract and male reproductive tract.
Uterus -- The female reproductive organ
that houses and nourishes the fetus during pregnancy.
The womb.
V
Vaginitis - An inflammation of the vagina.
Yeast, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomonas infections
of the vagina. Frequent vaginitis may indicate
the presence of pelvic adhesions and tubal blockage
that may be caused by chlamydia or other infections.
Vaginitis may interfere with sperm penetration
of the cervical mucus. The symptoms may even interfere
with the ability and desire to have intercourse.
Varicocele - Varicose veins in the scrotum.
This condition causes swollen vessels surrounding
the testicles that create a pool of blood, elevating
the scrotal temperature. Varicocele is a major
cause of male infertility.
Vas Deferens - The pair of thick-walled
tubes through which sperm move from the epididymis
to the ejaculatory duct in the prostate. These
tubes are severed during a vasectomy .
Vasectomy - The surgical separation of
both vas deferens. A procedure used for birth
control/sterilization.
Venereal Disease - Sexually transmitted
infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and
syphilis. Many of these diseases will interfere
with fertility and some will cause severe illness.
Vulva - Female's external genitalia.
X
X Chromosome -- The congenital, developmental
or genetic information in the cell that transmits
the information necessary to make a female. All
eggs contain one X chromosome and half of all
sperm carry an X chromosome. When two X chromosomes
combine, the baby will be a girl.
Y
Y Chromosome -- The genetic material that
transmits the information necessary to make a
male. The Y chromosome can be found in one-half
of the man's sperm cells. When an X and a Y chromosome
combine, the baby will be a boy.
Z
ZIFT -- See Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer.
Zygote -- A fertilized egg which has not
yet divided.
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) --
An ART in which eggs are removed from a woman's
ovaries, fertilized with the man's sperm in a
lab dish and the resulting Zygotes are transferred
into the woman's fallopian tubes during a minor
surgical procedure.
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